Archeology

My Tour in Ireland, March 2002

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1. Fourknocks
2. Knowth
3. Newgrange
4. Tara
5. Loughcrew
6. Aghnacliff
7. Rathcroghan
8. Carrowkeel
9. Carrowmore
10. Knocknarea
11. Creevykeel
12. Deerpark (Magheragahnrush)
13. Ogham Stone of Breastagh
14. Rathlackan wedge tomb
15. Céide fields
16. Castlestrange Stone

Situation of the Sites

Map of Tour

I copied this map from MapBlast!.

 

Overview of the Prehistorical Eras in Ireland

Scale.gif (8431 Byte)

For details about the different eras, have a look at this very instructive web site: The Ireland Story

Note: If not indicated under "For More Information", my sources for the information provided below are mostly the information boards on-site.

 

The Monuments

County: Meath

Fourknocks

Period of Erection: 3000-2500 BC

My notes: Entry directed to the North, 3 side chambers, decorated stones over the doorway of the chambers.

FourKnocks: Diamond Pattern on the Portal Stone Facing the Entry    FourKnocks: Zigzag Pattern on the Portal Stone on the Right-Hand Side of the Entry
Zigzag engravements decorate the frontal stones above the chambers facing the entry, on the right side of the entry, and on the wall between the right chamber and the entry. Some see in those pattern images of star fields (e.g. the Cassiopea constellation which has a W/M shape). Those primal patterns have been used as a basis for the typical maze patterns of the Celts (see literature below).

An antropomorph (?) figure is engraved on a stone situated between the right chamber and the entry.

Found in the Monument: 65 non-incinerated sepultures with pottery and jewels.

For More Information:

Aidan Meehan: Maze Patterns. Celtic Design. 1996, Thames and Husdon, London. Printed in Spain. ISBN: 0-500-27747-8

The Sacred Island, Fourknocks, Mythical Ireland.

 

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Knowth

Knowth: Main Tumulus with two Satellites

Period of Erection: 3000 BC

My Notes: One main tumulus with satellite tombs. Beautifully decorated stones surround the main tumulus' base. The decoration of one of the stones seems to represent a solar clock. The tumulus has been reused throughout the ages as a fort (Iron Age) and a cellar (Early Christian Time). The main tumulus contains two passage tombs being back to back and no communicating. Only the Eastern passage is accessible for visitors but the visit is limited to the entrance area of the passage.

Knowth: Decorated Kerb Stones at the Entry of the Main Tumulus
Decorated kerbstones at the entry of the Eastern passage. Different theories has been put forward concerning the enlightment of the Eastern and Western passages during the periods around the Autumn and Spring Equinoxes (see the web sites cited below). But none of these theories could be verified by observations, since buildings and trees stand in the axes between the sun set/down and the entries of the passages.

 

Found in the Monument:
  • Basins in the chamber at the end of eastern passage to contain the ashes of the dead or liquids (?).
  • Little ritual mask (?) (app. 5 cm)  found at the entry of the eastern passage (to be seen at the Center of Brú na Bóinne)

Macehead, Photo Taken from the Web Site http://www.carrowkeel.com/sites/boyne/knowth/knowth5.html

Knowth: Antropomorphic (?) Representation on One of the Kerb Stones
Knowth: Decorated Kerb Stones
Some interpretations of kerbstone art understand the engraved serpentine lines, crescents and spirals as representation of astronomical observations.
 

For More Information:

Information Center of Brú na Bóinne

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique. Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

George Eogan, Helen Roche : Excavations at Knowth. December 1998, Royal Irish Academy. ISBN: 1874045496

Geniet (Victor Reijs), The sacred Island, The Lunar Maps of Knowth, Ireland: Light, Body and Soul (nice photographs!), Mythical Ireland

 

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Newgrange

Newgrange from the Entry of the Center of Brú na Bóinne - I did not make any further photos, since my film was full!
Knowth, Newgrange and Dowth belong to the same large monument complex of Brú na Bóinne.

Period of Erection: 3200 BC

My Notes: The tumulus has been "renovated" according to the conception of the leading archeologist on how it could have looked like.
The cairn is surrounded by a stone circle. 12 orthostats are still standing. It was estimated that the stone circle consisted originally of 32 orthostats.
Decorated kerb stones lie across the entry.
The long corridor lead to 3 chambers, each of them are decorated with engravements. Most of the engravement represent spirals. In the chamber facing the entry, you can see the famous triskell-like spiral engraved on the left portal orthostat, when you stand inside the chamber, facing the entry. The corridor orhostats are also decorated with curved lines and zigzags.
On December 21, a few minutes after the sun raise, the sunshine penetrates into the corridor through the shaft above the entry and illuminates the chamber for 17 minutes.

The monument is unfortunatly endangered by mass tourism. Thousands of people are conveyed through the narrow corridor, rubbing the beautifully decorated walls with their clothes without even looking at them.

Found in the Monument: Burnt and unburnt human bones, basins to contain the bones or ashes, stone balls and pendents.

For More Information:

Information Center of Brú na Bóinne

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique. Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

Claire O'Kelly: Concise guide to Newgrange. Houston Printers Ltd, Cork 1996.

Newgrange being the most famous megalitic monument in Ireland, you will not need long to find detailled information on the Internet. Nevertheless, here are a few links: Geniet (Victor Reijs), Ireland: Light, Body and Soul (nice photographs!), Mythical Ireland

 

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The Hill of Tara

Tara is one of the historically richest site of Ireland. Is is said to have been the seat of the High Kings of Ireland.

The High Kings of Ireland reigned in Tara from app. 1500 BC to 500 AD, untill they were chased by the Early Christians.

The site comprises numerous monuments. Despite of its reputation as the seat of the High Kings, most of the monuments seem to have more a cultual function than a defensive one. Here are a few of them.

A. The Mound of the Hostages

Passage tomb. Probably the oldest monument of the hill of Tara.

Period of Erection: 3000-2000 BC

My Notes: The orthostat left of the entry is engraved with spirals and curves.

Found in the Monument:  40 Middle Bronze Age  burials (cremated, enclosed in stone-built cists) with food-vessels, bronze daggers and knifes; One uncremated burial of a youth af about 14-15 years of age with a necklace made of bronze, amber, jet and faience.

Neolitic burials were found in the chamber with bone pins, pendants, beads, and vessels. The Bronze Age people have penetrated into the chamber and removed or crushed the earlier burials.

Extra-mural burials were found in stone-built compartments against the north side of the chamber. These burials are probably anterior to the construction of the mound.

Entry of the Mound of the Hostages

B. Cormac's House

Barrow mound inside a circular bank. The mound had not been yet excavated.

Period of Erection: around 200 AD

The "Stone of Destiny" D. The Royal Seat / An Forradh

Ringfort. It may also have been used for burrials. The monument had not been yet excavated.

Period of Erection: First millenium AD

My Notes: The fort adjoins Cormac's House. It is obviously more recent than Cormac's House since its outer bank ring overlaps partially the bank of Cormac's house. According to som interpetations, on the contrary, the Cormac's House "avoids" the Royal Seat as being to sacred to be cut into.

C. The Stone of Destiny / Lia Fáil

Menhir.

Period of Erection: ?

My Notes: The Stone stands in the center of the Royal Seat. According to the legend, the stone roared when the man who was to become high king of Ireland sat on it. Originally, the stone is supposed to have stood near the Mound of the Hostages. It has been moved after the battle of Tara. Some say that the original stone has been transported to Scotland and named the Stone of Scone and became the coronation stone of British kings at Westminster Cathedral.

E. The Banqueting Hall

The Banqueting Hall

The actual use of the Banqueting Hall is unknown. It might have been a kind of fort or a ceremonial entrance to Tara.

Period of Erection: 200 BC-500 AD (?)

My Notes: It is called the "Banqueting Hall" because it is the only monument of Tara that would fit the description in medieval texts of the great Banqueting Hall of the royal court.
The "Banqueting Hall" is a long, rectangular structure, with an open end at its north side. There are irregular gaps (doors?) on each of the western and eastern banks.

 

For More Information:

I found very few instructive documents about the site of Tara. The web sites I found gave no precise and sometimes contradictory information. That is why there are a lot of gaps in my summary above. Nevertheless, the following books and web sites are worth having a look at.

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique. Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

Elizabeh Hickey: The Legend of Tara. 1996, Dundalgan Press (W. Tempest) ltd., Dundalk.

Séan P. Ó Ríordáin: Tara - The Monuments on the Hill. 1992, Dundalgan Press (W. Tempest) ltd., Dundalk.

Michael Slavin: The Book of Tara.1996, Wolfhound Press, Dublin

Ireland: Light, Body and Soul (nice photographs!), Mythical Ireland, The Sacred Island, The High Kings of Ireland, The Monarchs of Ireland,

 

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Loughcrew / Sliabh na Caillí

Cairns T and U at Carnbane East
The visitable sites of Carnbane East and West are a part of a the Loughcrew site that extended over 4 mountain peaks: Carnbane 
("white cairn" in Irish Gaelic), Sliabh na Caillí ("the hag's mountain"), Sliabh Rua ("the red mountain"), and Patrickstown (mostly destroyed).

Some cairns are locked: The key is obtainable at the "Loughcrew Gardens".

Period of Erection: 4000 - 3000 BC. Nevertheless, the site has been used untill the Early Christian era.

ringfort.jpg (5036 Byte) Iron Age ringfort seen from Carnbane East on the right and a round structure on the left (?): Many monuments of different periods surround the necropole of Loughcrew, an evidence of an intensive frequentation of the site throughout its period of use.

Inventory of the cairns:

The school inspector Eugene Conwell re-discovered the site in the 1860's and spent his spare time exploring it. His classification of the cairns (letter assignment) is still the one used today.

Cairn   Complex   Size (Diameter, evaluated if the cairn has been destroyed) State   Found in the Monument
A1, A2, A3 Carnbane West A and A2: 6-8 m
A3: 20 m
Ruined, only a few scattered stones remain. -
B Carnbane West 9 m Ruined, 3 remaining orthostats of the chamber. -
C Carnbane West 5 m Ruined, only a few stones remain. -
D Carnbane West 55 m Mound with a crater shape due to Conwell's investigations who could not find any chamber. Animal skulls, teeth and bones
E Carnbane West 7 m Ruined. -
F Carnbane West 15 m The cairn is open. The cruciform chamber has remained, some orhostats are decorated. Stone basin in the cist right of the entry, a bone pin and a flake of flint under it. One ironstone ball in the left recess. Fragments of bones about the floor of the whole chamber.
G Carnbane West 20 m Hollow in the center of the mound, the orthostats of the chamber has disappeared. -
H Carnbane West 16 m The cairn is open. The cruciform chamber has remained, some orhostats are decorated. Stone basin in the recess right of the entry. Thick layer of burnt bone fragments and some pieces of quartz covering the whole passage under a layer of earth an lose stones. Small stone balls, pieces of pottery and flint, sea shells, disc-shaped  whale bones, peabbles and other lustrous, shining stones or of different colours, fragments of bone pins.

Amber and roman glass beads, bronze rings, pieces of iron.

Cow bones shaped into "combs" or "blades", some of them being decorated with beautiful curved designs (La Tène style), an object interpreted as a compass (for the drawing of the designs).

I Carnbane West 19 m The cairn is open. The chamber with 7 recesses has remained, some orhostats are decorated. -
J Carnbane West 14 m Hollow in the center of the mound; Cornwell noted 3 decorated stones which has disappeared. One brown stone ball.
K Carnbane West 15 m The chamber is ruined, the kerb of long slab has remained. -
L Carnbane West 45 m Renovated: as Cornwell arrived, the roof had collapsed and the chamber was full of rubble. Stalled plan with 7 recesses, remains of a corbelled dome. Decorated orthostats. Kerbstones. A stele is placed in front of the 3rd chamber to the right of the entry. Corwell made the most numerous finds in cairn L.

Stone spheres, small chalk balls onder the basin of one of the left recesses.
Splinters of charred and blackened bones, small pieces of charcoal, human teeth, the pointed end of bone pin, stone balls onder the basin of the 3rd chamber to the right of the entry.

M Sliabh Rua 20 m Ruined. -
N Carnbane East 19 m Ruined. -
O Carnbane East 10 m Ruined, a low circular mound remains. An engraved stone that have been supposed belonging to the mound has been re-erected near the mound. -
P1, P2 Carnbane East 9 m Ruined, a few scattered stones remain which are thought to have belonged to the cairns. -
Q Carnbane East 9 m No remainings; the cairn had been mentioned by the artist Du Noyer who visited Loughcrew and recorded the decorated stones. -
R1, R2 Carnbane East 10 and 8 m Ruined; R1: one large stone in the center of a pit; R2: remains of a kerb (approx. 10 stones). No significant founds in R1; R2: fragment of onamented urns, bone pins, stone pendants, fragments of clay vessels, a white flint arrow head and other flint fragments, one miniature stone axehead, human bones and objects made of bone of undetermined use.
S Carnbane East 17 m Y-shaped open passage, with 6 ornamented orthostats, kerb of of 35 small stones. A layer of charred bones covered the floor of 2 cists, one bone pin on the top of each bone heap; on the floor of the chamber: stone pendant, fragments of urns, small flakes of flint, burnt bones, human teeth, bone pins.
T Carnbane East 37 m Very good conservation state: only the capstone of the chamber is missing – the passage was re-roofed during the 60's; cruciform chamber with ornamented stones, the 3 side-cells have a corbelled dome; kerb surrounding the cairn. Many orthostats of the passages and the chambers wear exceptional engravements.

Leaf-Like Engravement in Cairn T
Spine? Leaf? The pattern on the right is to be compared with the designs of the "Dolmen des Pierres Plates" in Brittany. Since the site of Loughcrew is bound with the legend of a sorceress, the monument is mostly interpreted as dedicated to the megalithic Mother Goddess. The many sun-like patterns (like the one on the left) could confirm this point, since the sun was considered as beeing the expression of the feminine power in ancient times. J. Markale sees in those leaf-like patterns a stylizied representation of the Great Goddess.

Fragments of charred or burnt bones, human teeth, small broken stones, pieces of charcoal; one bronze pin with head ornaments.

The Hag's Chair at Cairn T
The Hag's Chair is the 3rd biggest stone of the kerb. It used to be ornamented, but the patterns are hardly visible nowadays.
An archeologist I met on the site with his family kindly took this photo of me: it was raining quite intensively at that moment, that is why I look so miserable!

U Carnbane East 13 m Open cairn with a cruciform chamber, and a number of remaining kerb stones. Ornamented orthostats. -
V Carnbane East 10 m The orthostats of the chamber and the kerbstones has remained, but the mound is flattened. A long and rounded sea-peabble (thought to have been used as a sling-stone or a hammer).

Carvings on the chamber stones.

W Carnbane East 7 m Crater-shaped mound with remaining chamber stones in its center. An urn under a layer of charred bones.
X1, X2, X3 Patrickstown 12, 11 and 12 m A few remaining stones of X1 and, X2; X3 has completely disappeared. One decorated stone near the center of X1. Fragments of bones and pottery, pendants, beads and deer antlers.
Y Patrickstown 30 m Low mound with pine trees growing on it. -

Some Cairns with astronomical observations (according to Jean Markale and Knowth.com):

The entries of the cairns are all roughly oriented to the South East (showing to the Boyne Valley or Tara?). Since many cairns are ruined, astronomical observations are only possible on part of the Loughcrew site.

Cairn   the rising sun strikes ...   at...   Corresponding event
F on the orthostats of the chamber the end of april/beginning of May. The Celtic feast Beltaine (1rst of May).
H the engravements of the farest orthostat the beginning of November, esp. around the 8th. Samhain.
I on the orthostats of the chamber the beginning of August. The Celtic feast Lughnasa (1rst of August).
L the white stele (the "Whispering Stone") placed in front of the 3rd chamber to the right of the entry the begining of November and February. The Celtic feasts of Samhain (1rst of November and Imbolc (1rst of February).
T on the "Equinoxe Stone" at the very end of the cist facing the entry

The "Equinox Stone"

Spring and Automnal Equinoxes. Equinoxes.

Those amazing coindicence of astronomical events at the Celtic feasts could be an indication that the Celtic feasts were inherited from the megalithic culture, which is not surprising, since we know that it was a typical behaviour of the Celts to adopt the local beliefs and rituals of a country they moved in.

 

For More Information:

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique. Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

Jean McMann: Loughcrew - The Cairns - A Guide to an Ancient Irisch Landscape. 1993, After Hours Books, Oldcastle. ISBN: 0-9521987-03

Mythical Ireland, The Sacred Island, Knowth.com

 

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County: Longford

Aghnacliff

The Portal Tomb of Aghnacliff    Period of Erection: ?

My notes: The interest of this little monument resides in its particular shape. It has been constructed in height, and from certain view angles, the upper stone seems to be balanced on one of the orthostats.

For More Information: Megalitomania

 

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County: Roscommon

Rathcroghan

Even if less known than Tara, the Rathcroghan site is not of lesser historical importance. It was the seat of one of the most powerful families, the O'Connors, kings of Connacht and of the later High Kings of Ireland. Queen Medh and her husband Aillil, celebrated in many Irish sagas and tales, had their residence there.

The surroundings of Rathcroghan is full of ancient monuments like forts, burials and souterrains.

Rahcroghan Mound
The Rathcroghan Mound with its large enclosure are thought to have served a ritual and ceremonial goal.

Period of Erection: Bronze Age - Pre-Christian (2000 BC - 500 AD). A few megalithic tombs can also be found near the site.

My notes: Besides of the large and well-known monuments, many barrows stipple the landscape. The monuments are quite unimpressive for laypersons, since only a few earthworks are to be seen.

Found in the Monument: The archeological researches on this site have mostly be done with the help of geophysical techniques. The magnetic gradiometry allowed to discover structures built at different times. It revealed a cavity in the Rathcroghan Mound, which is thought to be a large burial chamber, and an ancient road approaching the mound. There are conjectures that this ancient road used to connect Tara and Rahcroghan.

Rathmore
The Rathmore ringfort used to be a high-status residential site.

For More Information:

I found very few litterature on Rathcroghan: Any hint is welcome!

Cruachan Aí – The Visitor Center of Tulsk, Co. Roscommon

Archeogeophysics Imaging Project of NUI Galway under the leading of Prof. John Waddell (the website is unfortunately no more available)

The Sacred Island

 

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County: Sligo

Carrowkeel

A Peak of the Bricklieve Mountains, with Cairn F on the Top View on the Lough Arrow from the Carrowkeel Necropole
What a lovely walk in the Bricklieve Mountains to the Carrowkeel necropole! The choice of this amazing landscape for the settling of the necropole is certainly not a coincidence.

Period of Erection: I could not find any precise dating of the site, but since the necropole is anterior to Newgrange, it has been probably been built during the 4th millenium BC. Researches about the astronomical properties of the single cairn would confirm that point. Carrowkeel is then one of the most ancient monument of Ireland. Nevertheless, there is evidence that the necropole has been in use through to the Bronze Age.

Inventory of the cairns:

There are 14 cairns grouped on the tops of the Bricklieve Mountains. The cairns present a great variety of structures. Most of the cairns have their entrance not at the bottom level, but at approx. half of the height of the cairn.

The naturalist Robert Lloyd Praeger and R. A. S. Macalister excavated the necropole in 1911 and attributed a letter to each cairn, a classification which is still used today.

Cairn   Size (Diameter, Evaluated if the Cairn has been Destroyed) State   Structure, other Informations of Interest
A 14 m Unopened, grass-covered cairn. The cairn is somehow set back from the rest of the complex, on the top of the Tully Mountain. I was considered unworthy to be excavated because of its small size and interpreted as a cenotaph.
B 22 m Opened, but in a very good state of conservation, due to the difficulty of its access. Cairn B is also a little bit set back, perched on a difficult-to-reach peak of the Bricklieve massif.

It faces cairn F on the other side of the small "valley" between two peaks and the two cairns look like sentinels to the visitor who comes on the little road from Treanscrabbagh.

Passage ending on a litte box-like chamber. Small stone shelf or bench at the back of the chamber.

C 22 m Ruined. The cairn used to have a cruciform chamber.
D 20 m Ruined. There are some rests of the chamber, which probably used to have the shape of a long box-like kist.
E 35 × 10 m Opened, the passage is partly ruined; Macalister has drilled a few holes along the length of the cairn. This cairn is radically different of the other cairns of Carrowkeel in its shape: Instead of a round structure, it has been built in length and has a court at its entry situated to the South. The entry is at the bottom level. The passage has a cruciform chamber. The passage is divided in compartments by sill stones.
F 26 m Partly ruined, due to the fracture of one of the lintels. The biggest cairn of Carrowkeel (it is called also "Carn Mór" = "the big cairn"). There are conjectures that it use to measure 8-10 m in height, which must have given a very monumental aspect, the more that cairn F is perched on one of the peaks on each side of the access path of the site (see cairn B). The structure of the interior is also unique on the site: a double-transepted chamber shaped like a cross of Lorraine. A broken standing stone has been found in the 2nd recess of the chamber, which might have been of cultual importance. The archeologist found out that the standing stone cracked before the collapse of the roof, but the reason for it is unknown.
G 21 m Opened, but in a very good state of conservation, enterable. A slab faces the entry which is doted with a roof-box allowing the illumination of the chamber by the rising sun at Summer Solstice, or, rather the rising sun illuminates the chamber for around two months around the Summer Solstice. At the beginning and at the end of this period, the setting full moon illuminates the chamber. Cairn G is the only cairn with a roof-box on the site.

The passage leads to a very evenly shaped cruciform chamber. The floor is paved with large slabs.

Entrance of Cairn G with its Roof-Box
H 20 m Ruined, roof collapsed, unenterable. A double kerb is still visible. According ot the archeologist, there used to be a bent passage ending on a long box-like kist.
Entrance of Cairn H
K 21 m Intact structure, enterable, some lintels of the chamber are cracked. Cairn K ist the highest cairn in altitude. It used to be covered by  a layer of white quartz, like the cairn of Newgrange, which has been removed little by little by visitors. This probably have given a glittering aspect to the cairns in the sun of moon shine, which must have been a striking view from a distance. A long passage leads to a cruciform corbelled chamber.
Entrance of Cairn K
Cairn K inside
L 19 m Unexcavated. A few slabs suggest the presence of a cist, but no entrance or passage could be found.
M 8 m Ruined: only a few stumps of orthostats left. The remaining orthostats suggest the shape of a cruciform chamber.
N ? Ruined: only a few stumps of orthostats left (being parts of the passage and a kerb). -
O 20 m Good state of conservation. Contains a little box-like kist.

Cairn O and P are somehow set back and situated on the Doonaveeragh summit, dominating the hut site.

P ? Unexcavated. There is no evidence of a chamber.

 

This little cist (around 2 x 2 m) can be found no far away from Cairn K. It is known that it used to be covered by a stone slab which has been destroyed. The actual use of this structure could not be determined for sure.  Carrowkeel_Cist.jpg (22072 Byte)

 

Found in the Monuments: Only few sepultural objets were found, even if the probability that the cairns were plundered is low. The funds nevertheless corresponds to the common sepultural material used in megalitic necropoles: human ashes spread out on the floor, cremated and uncremated human and animal bones, flints, pottery, pendents, chalk balls.

Astronomical Observations on the Monuments: It is likely that the single cairns have astronomical properties, which is not to be overseen at cairn G. Some interpretations see the necropole as a plattform for the observation of the movements of the stars and especially of the sun and the moon. The chalk balls and pendants found on the site are interpreted as measurement instruments for the movement of the celestial bodies. Nevertheless, there are no evidence of that. Only a few observations (penetration of the sun or moon light into the chamber, made difficult by the Irish weather and the ruinous state of some monuments) or suppositions which are not always very convincing. The state-of-the-art on this subject is thus mostly limited to conjectures.

 

The "Village":

Interestingly enough, there are remainings of a hut site, called "the Village", in the immediate proximity of the necropole. The sub-structure of around 100 round huts have been discovered there. Jean Markale interprets this "village" as possibly the dwelling of either the builders of the necropole or the pilgrims visiting the sacred place, but there is actually no evidence that the building of period of use of the hut site and the necropole would coincide.

 

The surroundings of the Bricklieve Mountains is fairly intensively stippled with various monuments like cairns, ringforts, crannogs...

Another well-known site, the Kesh Corann, with its cairn on its top and its "Kesh Caves" (megalithic artificial caves) is situated only 4 km away from Carrowkeel. I did not visit it, lacking of information on it at the time of my travel. This will be an opportunuity for another travel to Ireland...

 

For More Information:

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique. Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

The Sacred Island, Archeoastronomy

 

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Carrowmore

Site 7: Leaba-na-bhFian (Bed of the Warriors)
Site 7 is one of the most complete and beautiful monument of Carrowmore.

Period of Erection: from 5400 BC

General information: The site of Carrowmore is a vast necropole comprising the remains of 65 monuments and, according to estimations, there used to be around 120 monuments in its original state. The type of monuments found at Carrowmore are so-called "boulder circles", that is a dolmen surrounded by a stone circle. Due to intensive urbanisation and farming on the peninsula of Sligo, many monuments are partly destroyed, only either the dolmen or the stone circle survived.

My notes: Though the monuments are all provided with a notice that they are protected historical monuments, the site is still threatened by the land exploitation: one serves as a garden gate, the other is splitted by a field border, the other is removed to enable access...
There are theories that he stucture of the single monuments as boulder circles was the original architecture, but I would rather defend the opinion, since estimations of the period of erection of the necropole go very far back in time, that they used to be covered by a mound made of earth which disappeared, due to erosion. The Listoghil cairn (Site 51) would then represent a architectural improvement and innovation.

Listoghil - Site 51: Excavated Chamber
View on the dolmen inside of the Listoghil cairn from the visitor platform erected over the wall. The archeologists have left the cairn in this opened state.
Listoghil is the largest monument of the necropole and the only one of its kind. Three stone inside the chamber are engraved with a pattern that reminds of the La Tène style.

Found in the Monuments: Cremated and non-cremated human and animal bones, flints, shells, stone beads, pendants and balls, pieces of decorated potery

For More Information:

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique. Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

The Sacred Island, The Swedish Archaeological Excavations at Carrowmore, Co. Sligo, Ireland, Irish Genius (for more photographs)

 

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Knocknarea

Knocknarea
The proheminent position of the cairn at the top of the Knocknarea mountain shows the obvious intention of a power demonstration.

Period of Erection: 3000 BC

My notes: According to the legend, Queen Maeve has been buried in this cairn "standing up, facing the Ulsters". Tradition wants every visitor to bring a stone and lay it on the cairn "to prevent Maeve to get out again". The strong superstition connected with the despotic queen is probably one of the reasons why the cairn has never been opened. When I reached the top of the mountain, the weather was in accordance with the character of the legendary queen: the strong wind hardly allowed me to stand up and I got so wet that I had to change my clothes right after my visit of the monument. 

Found in the Monument: The cairn has not been excavated.

For More Information:

About Maeve: Hrana's Gallery of Goddesses, Shee-Eire

About the legend of Tain Bo Cuailgne:

Jean Markal: L'épopée celtique d'Irlande. Bibliothèque historique Payot. 1993, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88707-2, Chap. "Tain Bô Cualngué".

Tain Bo Cuailgne (résumé of the legend), Táin Bó Cúalnge from the Book of Leinster (Version in full)

About the monument: The Sacred Island

 

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Creevykeel (wedge-shaped cairn)

 

Creevykeel: Shematic Map
    Schematic overview of the cairn

 

Creevykeel: Entry to the Forecourt  
View (1): Entry to the Forecourt

Creevykeel2: Entry to 1rst chamber and Drying Kil
View (2): Entry to the 1rst Chamber with the remainings of an Early-Christian
drying kiln: the cairn has been used at a later period for domestic purposes.

Period of Erection: 3500-2500 BC

My notes: The original total length of the cairn has been evaluated to 60 m. Only the base of 50 cm to 1 m in height has remained, the corbelled roof has disappeared.

There are remainings of 3 subsidiary chambers on the Western side of the cairn.

The narrow entrance at the East leads to an oval forecourt that used to be paved.

Found in the Monument: a chalk ball, pottery, flint arrow heads, hollow scrapers, polished stone axeheads; evidence of iron-smelting in the central court (Christian period).

For More Information:

Jean Markal: Dolmens et menhirs - La civilisation mégalithique (Chap. "Les dolmens à cour extérieure (Irlande)). Histoire Payot. 1994, Editions Payot & Rivages, Paris. ISBN: 2-228-88774-9

Megalithics, A wee Bit of Ireland (both with more photographs)

 

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Deerpark (Magheraghanrush) (wedge-shaped cairn)

Deerpark

Period of Erection: 3000 BC

My notes: All the cairn used to be covered by a corbelled roof, besides of the central court.

Deerpark: Schematic Overview of the Monument

Shematic overview of the monument. The arrow at the bottom shows the point of view of the photograph above.
Some interpretations of wedge tombs see a representation of the Mother Goddess in the shape of those monuments (see book reference below). The wedge tombs with a central court like Deerpark could represent the pregnant Goddess.

Found in the Monument: Many individuals has been buried with stone tools, bone beads, and pottery fragments.

For More Information:

Aidan Meehan: Maze Patterns. Celtic Design. 1996, Thames and Husdon, London. Printed in Spain. ISBN: 0-500-27747-8

The Modern Antiquarian (for more photographs)

 

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County: Mayo

Ogham Stone of Breastagh

Ogham Stone of Breastagh

Period of Erection: Bronze age. The oghams has been engraved later, around 300-600 AD.

My notes: The stone stand in the vicinity of several (ruined) megalithic tombs (the most famous of which being the Rathfranpark wedge tomb).

For More Information: Titus – Uni Frankfurt

 

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Rathlackan Wedge Tomb

Rathlackan Wedge Tomb

Period of Erection: ?

My notes: The tomb stands open, the cover slabs has been removed by the archeologists. The tomb has been discovered because a standing stone has been investigated, that was found to be a re-used roof slab. The foundings of the monument are very well preserved.

Found in the Monument: ?

For More Information: -

 

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Céide fields

Period of Erection: 5000 BC

My notes: The Ceide fields are remainings of a farmers' settlement. The visit leads around the earlier fields separated by little stone walls. I took no photograph of this site, since there nothing there to strike the view (besides of the somptuous costal landscape at the feet of the visitor center): the settlement has been buried by the bog over the millennia. Nevertheless, the visit give some good insight into the life of farmers of the mesolitic/neolitic age in Northern Ireland.

Found in the Monument: Fragments of pottery, flint objects.

For More Information: Museums of Mayo, RootsWeb

 

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County: Roscommon

Castlestrange Stone

Castlestrange Stone

Period of Erection: 250 BC

My notes: This beautifully decorated stone in La Tène style was discovered in the middle of nowhere. The absence of context makes its interpretation difficult. A similar monument was discovered in Turoe.

For More Information: -

 

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